Abstract
Plants need to cope with complex environments throughout their life cycle. Abiotic stresses,including drought, cold, salt and heat, can cause a reduction in plant growth and loss of crop yield.Plants sensing stress signals and adapting to adverse environments are fundamental biologicalproblems. We review the stress sensors in stress sensing and the responses, and then discuss ionicstress signaling and the responses. During ionic stress, the calcineurin B-like proteins (CBL) andCBL-interacting protein kinases (CBL?CIPK) complex is identified as a primary element of thecalcium sensor for perceiving environmental signals. The CBL?CIPK system shows specificityand variety in its response to different stresses. Obtaining a deeper understanding of stresssignaling and the responses will mitigate or solve crop yield crises in extreme environments withfast-growing populations.
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